The incidence of breakthrough pain associated with programmed intermittent bolus volumes for labor epidural analgesia: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: In this randomized, blinded study, we evaluated the effects of different programmed intermittent epidural bolus (PIEB) volumes for labor analgesia on the incidence of breakthrough pain and other analgesic outcomes. METHODS: Nulliparous women with term cephalic singleton pregnancies who requested labor analgesia had epidural analgesia initiated with 10 mL 0.1% ropivacaine with sufentanil 0.3 µg/mL. The pump was programmed to deliver a 4, 6 or 8 mL bolus every 45 min (groups 4, 6 or 8, respectively). The primary outcome was the incidence of breakthrough pain, defined as inadequate analgesia after two patient-controlled epidural analgesia administrations in a 20-min period. Secondary outcomes included ropivacaine consumption, time of the first patient-controlled epidural analgesia request, duration of the second stage of labor, and incidence of motor block. RESULTS: Among 210 women randomly allocated the incidence of breakthrough pain was 34.9%, 19.7%, and 13.1%, for groups 4, 6 and 8, respectively (P=0.011). The incidence of breakthrough pain in group 8 was lower than in group 4 (P=0.006). The median (interquartile range) hourly ropivacaine consumption was 8.2 mg/h (7.1-11.3), 10.4 mg/h (9.2-13.0), and 12.0 mg/h (11.2-13.8) in groups 4, 6 and 8, respectively (P <0.001). Group 8 had a longer duration of effective analgesia and longer second stage of labor than group 4. There was no significant difference between groups in the incidence of motor block. CONCLUSION: The larger PIEB volumes were preferred for epidural labor analgesia compared with a smaller volume because of improved analgesia without clinically significant increases in adverse effects.

[Clinical analysis of chronic sternal osteomyelitis with sinus tract after cardiovascular surgery].

Objective: To explore the diagnosis, therapy and prevention method of chronic sternal osteomyelitis with sinus tract after cardiovascular surgery. Methods: A total of 53 patients with chronic sternal sinus tract after cardiovascular surgery between January 2000 and January 2016. After definite diagnosis by contrast fistulography and CT scanning, all the patients received combined modality therapy including debridement, musculocutaneous flap transplantation and intermediate thickness free skin graft transplantation if necessary. Results: One patient died of false aneurysm due to the sternal sinus tract infection, there were no peri-operative death for all the left 52 patients. Forty-five patients had primary healing and 7 patients had secondary healing. All the patients became total recovery within 3-12 weeks after operation and maintained well during the 5-18 months' follow-up. Conclusions: For the patients with chronic sternal osteomyelitis, operative therapy should be performed as soon as possible once the diagnosis is confirmed. Combined modality therapy including debridement, musculocutaneous flap transplantation and intermediate thickness free skin graft transplantation is confirmed to be effective and secure.